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Exclusive: ‘Like ripples on the sea’: Chinese astronomer tells Global Times how the Milky Way got its newly discovered ‘wrinkles’_我的网站
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Chinese astronomers have discovered that the Milky Way is not a simple, smoothly warped disk, but contains widespread "wrinkle-like" structures resembling ripples on a water surface, providing new clues to understanding the galaxy's 3D structure and evolutionary history.
The discovery was made by a research team from the Purple Mountain Observatory (PMO) under the Chinese Academy of Sciences, using data from the "Milky Way Imaging Scroll Painting" (MWISP) survey. The findings were published online titled "Widespread corrugations superimposed on the Galactic warp in the outer CO disk" in the journal Nature Astronomy on August 7.
For decades, astronomers have known that the Milky Way's disk is not perfectly flat. Instead, its outer regions are slightly bent upward on one side and downward on the other - a structure known as a galactic warp.
However, the latest study shows that this large-scale bending is not the whole story. Smaller-scale vertical fluctuations are also embedded within the warped disk, creating a more complicated 3D structure.
"In many illustrations and in the public imagination, the Milky Way looks like a flat vinyl record," Sun Yan, associate researcher at PMO and the first author of the paper, told the Global Times on Tuesday. "In reality, the outer part of the Milky Way is more like a record that has been heated and deformed, with one side lifted and the other side lowered. That is the warp. On top of this large-scale deformation, there are additional smaller waves, which we call corrugations," Sun explained.
Using a more everyday analogy, Sun compared the Milky Way's structure to a sea surface. The warp is like a large swell that changes the overall height of the ocean, while corrugations are smaller waves superimposed on that swell.
"The two structures exist together. In our data analysis, we first removed the large-scale warp model, which allowed us to reveal the smaller wave-like patterns hidden underneath," Sun said.
The research focused on the Milky Way's outer gas disk rather than the more familiar stellar disk. According to Sun, cold molecular gas and stars provide two complementary ways to study the galaxy.
"Molecular gas is a sensitive probe for studying the vertical structure and dynamics of the galactic disk because it is concentrated near the disk plane and responds strongly to disturbances," she said.
Molecular gas is also the raw material for star formation, meaning its distribution is closely connected with the formation of young stars. The researchers traced this gas through carbon monoxide (CO) emission, which can penetrate regions obscured by interstellar dust and provide a different perspective from optical observations of stars.
The breakthrough was made possible by the MWISP survey, conducted using China's 13.7-meter millimeter-wave telescope.
"MWISP can be understood as giving the Milky Way a large-scale medical examination using millimeter-wave observations," Sun said.
Previous CO surveys were limited in sensitivity and coverage, making it difficult to accurately study the distant outer regions of the galaxy. In contrast, the latest study identified more than 30,000 molecular cloud samples, covering about half of the Milky Way's outer disk and extending to a distance of about 26 kiloparsecs from the Galactic center.
With such a large dataset, researchers were able to first establish a model of the overall warp and then separate subtle structures from the background. The newly identified corrugations have radial wavelengths of about 3.9-7.9 kiloparsecs and vertical amplitudes of about 100-200 parsecs.
The study also identified a corrugation structure extending about 40 kiloparsecs in azimuth at a distance of around 12.7 kiloparsecs from the Galactic center. In some spiral arm regions, vertical displacements can reach approximately 200 parsecs.
The researchers believe these large-scale vertical fluctuations are likely related to "bending waves" triggered by external gravitational disturbances, suggesting that the Milky Way might have experienced more complex interactions during its evolutionary history.
Although the newly discovered structures sound dramatic, they do not have any direct impact on Earth or the solar system. "Humans cannot directly sense these corrugations," Sun said. "Their scales reach thousands or even tens of thousands of light-years, and even if these structures are evolving, such changes would not be directly perceptible on human timescales."
The study focuses on the outer disk of the Milky Way and does not include the region around the solar system. "There is currently no evidence that these structures have any observable influence on Earth's environment," Sun said.
Instead, their significance lies in what they reveal about the past. Like geological layers recording Earth's history, these galactic structures preserve traces of the Milky Way's evolutionary journey, the researchers explained.
Researchers said future studies combining more precise motion measurements and numerical simulations could further reveal the origins of these structures and their role in the long-term evolution of the Milky Way.
。 8月26日讯 在热刺主场对阵查尔顿的联赛杯赛前，主帅德泽尔比在新闻发布会上谈到了球队目前的情况。你曾说自己非常擅长应对压力，回想你刚接手球队的时候，以热刺当时的赛季处境，你肩上背负巨大压力，热刺这样规模的俱乐部是有可能遭遇降级危机的。
二 | 但如今局势已经截然不同，俱乐部投入了大笔资金，所有人都在谈论，不用多线作战、每周大多只需要踢一场比赛，这会是多么利好，你是否接纳这种几乎转瞬之间就完全变样的压力不是的，从我踏入足球行业第一天起我就感受着压力，因为是我自己给自己施压。转会市场层面，我并不会因此感到压力。我希望可以毫无阻碍地继续投入资金，其他俱乐部也同样在花钱，并没有什么不一样。我感受到压力，是因为我执教的是世界上最顶尖的俱乐部之一。我想要帮助这支球队去竞争、去争夺冠军。我不知道是这个赛季，还是下个赛季，但说到底，这是我个人最重要的目标。俱乐部并没有对我下达硬性要求，只是希望我们参与竞争、好好踢球。
三 | 但我认为，我们的实力并不逊色于英超其他豪门。至少在我执教的这段时期，我不去评价我来之前的情况，现在我们在转会市场运作得非常顺利。那为什么我们不能呢？我实在想不通，为什么热刺不能和利物浦、曼城、切尔西、阿森纳掰手腕。我不明白，为什么热刺不能像切尔西、利物浦那样投入同等的资金。这点还请给我讲讲，我想不透这点。你会多久和教练组、球员沟通心态转变的问题没错，确实如此。拥有这类球员当然至关重要，团队凝聚在一起，众人合力远比单打独斗要强大，但这是一个过程。这个过程不会一蹴而就，过程会很艰难。有时候看似局面有所好转，随后你又会意识到，还得继续埋头苦干。
四 | 这和那些豪门球队过往走过的路是一样的，我不想拿其他球队举例，这不合适。但回看过去十年的英超，拿切尔西举例，他们拿到了世俱杯冠军，可在最初，他们也花了两三个赛季才磨合成型，当然我确信我们可以做得更快。但无论如何，所有人必须一同努力，保持专注，头脑清醒。不能输一场比赛就全盘否定，也不能赢球就觉得我们已经足以争夺英超冠军，事情不是这样的。我们必须保持平衡，明白前路依旧漫长。不过依托球员的实力、俱乐部的底蕴以及球迷的支持，我们有机会缩短这个周期。能不能举个例子，帮我们理解你所说的球队环境必须做出改变，举一个现存的问题作为例子核心是球员的心态，经历过去两个赛季之后，我希望我们可以拿下五场连胜。
五 | 拿下五场连胜，就能重塑球队习惯。
六 | 我说的团队环境，不单单指场上队员，还包括医疗团队、体能团队、我的教练组。也许现在还没完全到位，但几周之后，我相信我们具备拿下三、四、五场连胜的能力，就像我们上赛季做到过的那样。我还想聊聊托纳利，对阵布伦特福德赛后，你说托纳利、范赫克和塞内西身体状态都不在最佳。托纳利整个夏天都跟队训练，也没有参加世界杯，为什么他还会处在身体状态不佳的行列？这里有什么缘由吗是这样的，我们最开始去澳大利亚，几乎每三天就要踢一场，旅途耗时长达25‑26个小时，转天根本没办法高质量完成高强度训练。回到本土之后，我们也没有立刻开展完整训练，中间还有友谊赛。
七 | 之后参加世界杯的球员归队，大家的训练节奏参差不齐。所以托纳利需要更多时间，你看一周之前托纳利其实踢得相当不错。听起来你并不想要外界给你更多时间，但所有人都清楚你确实需要时间，这种现实会不会让你很难平衡是的，足球就是如此。说实话，上赛季保级的挑战比这赛季还要残酷。足球世界里，没有人会给你预留时间。你必须上场比赛，从第一天就要拿出成绩。但最重要的是用正确的方式工作，一周比一周有所进步。我相信我们的阵容实力，赛季初的英超我们也有能力拿下一些比赛。看得出来上赛季的七场比赛给了你十足的底气和信心，周六我们遭遇了一场糟糕的失利，但你似乎依旧能从上赛季的经历中汲取信心，相信球队可以走出低谷确实，我和球员们讲过，上赛季处境那么艰难，我们依旧展现出斗志、魄力、荣誉感，也体现出球员本身的实力。
八 | 现在我们要冷静下来，客观分析局势，情绪化的反应于事无补，我们得保持理性。萨维尼奥为什么改名字了我不知道，我真不清楚。那你事前知道他打算改名这件事吗听着，我英超首战就0‑3输球，你觉得我会纠结萨维尼奥改名这种事吗？他改成什么名字对我来说没有任何变化。在外人看来，改名象征着全新的开端，你认同这个说法吗我觉得可以这么理解，不过刚经历失利，这周并不是聊这个的好时机。但我很享受执教热刺，我很期待转会窗口平稳关闭，不出现伤病。后续如果需要把部分球员放到替补席，我会去做，这是我的责任，我没有问题。
九 | 我无比期待接下来两三个月，带着这套阵容打出好的表现。老板们支持了你，提供了资金，转会预算已经就位，他们真金白银投入，现在这支队伍算是你的队伍了不是，不能这么说。
十 | 这事你得去找俱乐部高层谈。球员人选不是我来拍板的，你要去和董事会沟通，而且讨论其他俱乐部的球员也并不合适。聊聊萨维尼奥，你提到过世界顶级边锋单赛季可以打进10‑15球。
十一 | 萨维尼奥已经踢过52场英超，虽然很多次是替补登场，但至今只收获2粒进球。
十二 | 你看中他身上哪些特质，让你相信他的进攻产出可以大幅提升听我说，我在足球行业深耕很多年，我自认可以读懂球员的潜力。尤其萨维尼奥这个位置，我球员时代就踢边锋。他一对一能力很有特点。我们教练组要做的，就是最大化补齐他的短板，只要我们把这点做好，他完全可以成长为顶级球员。
十三 | 你也提到创造机会十分关键，纵观他的英超生涯，他的助攻数远高于进球。作为进攻发起点，你欣赏他哪些地方？在哪些场景之下，他能够制造威胁无论是开阔空间，还是狭小的禁区附近，他的一对一都能制造威胁。他既要送出助攻，也必须完成破门得分。我们需要进球，需要尽快提升他的进球数据。今年夏天引进的很多新援，范赫克、塞内西、罗伯逊、托纳利，他们在老东家都是稳定主力，只要身体健康就几乎必定首发。但萨维尼奥在曼城并不是这种定位，经常坐在替补席。你觉得他有机会成为球队核心吗？能不能稳稳锁定首发席位他必须成长为球队核心球员之一，他需要进步，需要扛起更多责任。不止萨维尼奥，其他球员同样如此。
十四 | 足球生涯里，总有一天你要证明自己到底够不够格，现在就是属于他的时刻。我们会帮助他，给他全部需要的指导。但归根结底，他要和所有人一样，在球场上拿出表现，毕竟在豪门踢球，这就是我们的工作。
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